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It begins with the medical history, to identify whether one's father or brother has been diagnosed with the condition, followed by a physical examination. 

Here the doctor evaluates the size and shape of the patient's prostate through rectal examination. After which the following diagnostic tests may be recommended, depending on the severity of the condition-

• Post-void residual: To measure the amount of urine left in your bladder after urination.
• Urinalysis: Urine is tested for the presence of bacteria and/or blood.
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test to check prostate cancer.
• Urodynamic test: The bladder is filled with a liquid using a catheter. The pressure exerted by the bladder is measured while urinating.
• Cystoscopy: A tiny lighted scope is inserted through the urethra to examine the urethra and the bladder.Intravenous pyelography or urography: It is an X-ray or a CT-scan procedure after injecting a dye into the body. The dye highlights the complete urinary system, the images for which are captured using the X-ray or CT-scan technique.
• Prostatic Biopsy: Anomalies in the prostate tissue are evaluated by laboratory examination of a small amount of prostate tissue.
• Uroflowmetry: The speed of the urine flow is measured.

1. Overview: The doctor inserts a resectoscope into the tip of the penis, through the urethra to the position of the prostate gland. The prostate tissue is clipped from the inside and flushed into the bladder by constant irrigation, using a fluid. 

On completion, the irrigated fluid is flushed out of the bladder.

2. Snapshots:

• Procedure Type: surgery
• Anesthesia: General/Spinal anesthesia
• Hospitalization: 1-2 days
• Procedure time: 60-90 minutes
• Recovery Time: weeks

3. Post-Surgical Care: 

• Drink lots of water. 
• Eat balanced, healthy, fibre-rich diet to avoid constipation and allow normal bowel movements. 
• Take the prescribed stool softeners with medicines. 
• Avoid strenuous activities and sexual intercourse for 6 weeks. 
• And contact doctor in case of fever, chills, inability to pee or thickened urine flow.

4. Advantages of this Procedure: TURP helps relieve urinary symptoms, caused due to BHP. These symptoms can be difficulty/inability to pee, urinary tract infections (UTI), slowed or discontinuous urine flow and frequent need for peeing especially at night. It also helps relieve complications of obstructed urinary flow like bleeding in urine, recurrent URIs, kidney/bladder damage and bladder stones. Also, the surgery requires no incisions (cuts).

Hyperplasia is an abnormal multiplication of cells. BPH is a condition that resulted from the multiplication of cells of the prostate gland, thereby increasing its size.

 The result is it compresses the urethra it surrounds and impedes the regular flow of urine. BPH is not equivalent to prostate cancer and neither does it contribute to the risk of cancer.

 BPH affects the lifestyle of the individual developing the condition, because of its symptoms, but is not a life-threatening condition. 

• Prostate Artery Embolization (PAE):

This procedure is performed under local anesthesia. Here doctors insert a tiny tube into the femoral artery of the thigh, by making a small incision in the appropriate location on the body.

This tube is directed to the prostate artery, surrounding the gland. On the positioning, a fluid containing tiny particles is injected into the artery. These tiny particles block the blood supply to the prostate, thereby shrinking the gland.

Interventional Radiologists perform this technique. Studies have shown very few side effects of this technique.

 This procedure may not require hospitalization and in most cases, the patient is sent home the same day.

• Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP):

This procedure is performed under general anesthesia. It does not require any incisions to be made on the body.

   The doctor inserts a resectoscope into the tip of the penis, through the urethra to the position of the prostate gland. The prostate tissue is clipped from the inside and flushed into the bladder by constant irrigation, using a fluid. 

On completion, the irrigated fluid is flushed out of the bladder.

After the procedure, a catheter is placed for 24 to 28 hours. The catheter is removed when the swelling subsides and the patient can urinate on his own. Post-surgery, blood may be seen in the urine.

 But, if the consistency is thick like blood, the doctor needs to be contacted immediately. Urination post-surgery is painful but improves over a period of eight weeks.

This procedure requires hospitalization for a day or two.

1.Overview: A (combined visual and surgical instrument) resectoscope is inserted through the tip of the penis into the urethra (tube carrying urine from bladder). The urethra is surrounded by the prostate. So the doctor cuts 1-2 grooves in area where prostate and bladder are connected to widen urinary channel to allow urine to pass more easily.

2.Snapshots:

• Procedure Type: Minimally invasive
• Anesthesia: Spinal block/General anesthesia
• Hospitalization: 0-1 day
• Procedure time: 30 minutes
• Recovery Time: About 3 days (2 weeks for better recovery)

3.Post-Surgical Care: 

• Avoid heavy lifting/pushing, strenuous exercise and equipment that vibrate. 
• Consult your doctor in case of any worsening urinary symptoms.

4.Advantages of this Procedure: Lower risk of bleeding, minimal hospital stay, safe procedure, lower risk of dry orgasm.

• Aging: Older men above the age of 80 years commonly show the symptoms of BPH.
• Exact cause: Unknown. Although, change in male sex hormone attributed to aging could be a factor.
• Family history: Prostate problems in the family can have individuals prone to BPH. E.g. a father or brother with diagnosed prostate problems.
• Anomalies in the function of the prostate could also lead to BPH.

1.Overview: Holmium laser is used to evaporate prostate tissue that blocks urine flow. It is effective for enlarged prostate.

2.Snapshots:

• Procedure Type: Minimally invasive
• Anesthesia: General/Spinal anesthesia
• Hospitalization: days
• Procedure time: 30 minutes – 2 hours
• Recovery Time: weeks

3.Post-Surgical Care: 

4.Advantages of this Procedure: Safe and effective, lower complications, low bleeding rate and short hospital stay.

BPH generally begins with mild symptoms. The intensity of the symptoms may vary from person to person. The general trend is, from mild to worse over a period of time. 

If the symptoms are neglected; the most severe cases report kidney failure. There are no specific predisposing factors determining one's proneness to BPH. 

Some men may have severe symptoms with little enlargement, while others may have substantial enlargement of the prostate with mild symptoms.

 In some cases, it has been observed that symptoms stabilize and may even improve gradually with time.

1.Overview: An instrument called the resectoscope is inserted into the urethra, that enables the surgeon to look within the prostate to evaluate the location for performing the incisions. The surgeon utilizes a laser to cut off the enlarged tissue of the prostate, so that it can be easily removed as smaller fragments.

2.Snapshots:

• Procedure Type: LASER Surgery
• Anesthesia: General/Spinal anesthesia
• Hospitalization: 0-1 day
• Procedure time: 3-4 hours
• Recovery Time: 1-2 weeks

3.Post-Surgical Care: 

• Maintain an adequate intake of fluids daily and take prescribed painkillers.
• Avoid heavy weightlifting and strenuous activities for at least 2-3 weeks.
• You may need to come back to the clinic if there’s a catheter placed.

4.Advantages of this Procedure: Uses laser and does not need incisions as in open surgery. It helps preserve surrounding important structures and promotes quicker recovery. It can be a suitable choice for long-term management of BPH. It leaves less chances of re-treatment.

• Heart disease: Studies have shown the use of beta-blockers increases the risk of BPH.
• Diabetes.
• Lifestyle: BPH poses an increased risk to obese men. A regular exercise regimen can lower the risk.

1. Overview: Here doctors insert a tiny tube into the femoral artery of the thigh, by making a small incision in the appropriate location on the body.

This tube is directed to the prostate artery, surrounding the gland. On the positioning, a fluid containing tiny particles is injected into the artery. These tiny particles block the blood supply to the prostate, thereby shrinking the gland.

2. Snapshots:

• Procedure Type: Minimally invasive
• Anesthesia: 
• Hospitalization: days
• Procedure time: About 2 hours
• Recovery Time: 7-10 days

3. Post-Surgical Care: 

4. Advantages of this Procedure: Safe and effective, low risk of urinary incontinence and sexual side effects, minimal blood loss, infrequent overnight hospitalization.

Complications in BPH are rare and may arise only when the mild symptoms are medically unattended. 

However, the observed ones are as described below-

• Urinary tract infection: Due to incomplete release of urine.
• Bladder damage: Constant retention of urine could lead to the weakening of the bladder muscles. This could further contribute to an inability to empty the bladder.
• Bladder stones: Caused by the constant retention of urine that irritates the bladder and can lead to a bladder infection, blockage of urine flow, and could be a cause of blood in the urine.

• A balanced diet comprising a variety of vegetables and fruits.
• Maintaining optimal weight.
• Regular exercises.